Bladder malignancies usually start in the cells that line the organ, which are called transitional cells. No one knows exactly what causes cancer to develop in the bladder. However, both cigarette smoking and exposure to carcinogens (cancer-causing chemicals) in the workplace are known to increase the risk for developing bladder cancer in both men and women.

• Cancer.gov: Bladder Cancer - Provides access to authoritative documents from the National Cancer Institute, including information about treatment, supportive care, and clinical trials.
• MedlinePlus: Bladder Cancer - Developed at the National Developed at the National Library of Medicine specifically for consumers, this site is a portal for both government-sponsored and privately developed health information for the lay public.

• 100 questions & answers about bladder cancer. Ellsworth P. and Carswell B. 2006.
• Gale encyclopedia of cancer. Longe J. 2006. Available in print at the Health Learning Center or electronically at http://www.nmh.org/nmh/hlc/main.htm.
• The guide to living with bladder cancer. Schoenberg MP. 2000.

• Benefits of Bladder-cancer Screening at Home. Lancet Oncology. 7(7):540. Susman E. July 2006.
• Bladder Cancer Surgery Better Sooner, Not Later: Studies Show Lower Survival Rate If Treatment Is Delayed More Than Three Months. Health News. 12(7):14–15. July 2006.
• Bladder Cancer in Women: No Time To Wait. Harvard Women's Health Watch. 11(7):3–5. March 2004.
• Comparative Outcomes of Bladder Cancer. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 108(1):169–175. Cardenas-Turanzas M. July 2006.

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